京剧脸谱 Facial Design

京剧脸谱京剧脸谱脸谱是京剧的一种表演手段，脸谱历史很悠久。脸谱来源于生活：生活上常常形容人的脸色的变化，比如说：吓得煞白，臊得通红，晒得漆黑，生病的人形容脸色蜡黄等等。脸谱就是把这种夸张的说法，再用夸张的手法画在脸上。用来描写人物的正直、刚烈。常常画红脸，比如关羽。奸险狡诈之人如曹操，常画白脸，而铁面无私的包公形象则用黑脸来代表，等等。各种人物的脸谱有一定的规矩，这些在京剧中把脸上勾勒出形象，称之为脸谱。脸谱是京剧的一种表演手段，脸谱历史很悠久。FacialDesign

Chineseoperaperformersmainlyhavetwomethodsofmakeup:masksandfacialpainting.Thefrequenton-stagechangeofmasks,withouttheaudiencenoticing,isaspecialtechnique,knownaschangingfaces.Operafacialpaintingfallsintofourmaincategories--personalitymakeup(facialdesigns,paintedfacesorLianPu),decorativemakeup(decoratedfaces),moodmakeup(changingfacialdesigns),andpictographicmakeup(animal-likefacialdesigns).

LianPuPersonalitymakeup,orLianPu,referstofacialdesignsforJingandChouroles.Itoriginatedfromdailylifeexperience,describingsuchchangesofexpressionaswhiteforfear,redforshyness,darkforsuntan,andsallowforillness.Mostfacialdesignsattachgreatimportancetotheeyesandeyebrows.LianPuhasformedacompletesystem,suchasthefacialdesignsofPekingOpera.Red,yellow,white,black,purple,greenandsilverarethemaincolorsusedforfacialdesignstorepresentdifferentcharacters.Forinstance,redstandsforloyal,courageousanduprightpeople;whiteforsinisterandcunningofficials;andgoldenandsilverycolorsforgodsandghosts.ThefacialdesignsfortheJingrolesaremadebypainting,powderingandcoloringinthebasicformsofZhengLian(keepingthebasicfacepattern),SanKuaiWaLian(three-sectionface)andSuiLian(fragmentaryface).Thesetypesarewidelyusedtorepresentgenerals,officials,heroes,godsandghosts.TheChouactorscanberecognizedbythepatchofwhiteinvariousshapes(cube-,datepit-orbat-shaped)paintedaroundtheeyesandnose.Sometimesthesepatchesareoutlinedinblack,hencethetermXiaoHuaLian(partlypaintedface).TheChourolesfallintothefollowingtwocategories:WenChou(civil)andWuChou(martial).